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Resources

Guides and tools for anesthesia billing

94 plain-English guides and 15 free calculators for CRNAs and anesthesia groups, grouped by topic.

Tools

Free downloads

13 printable checklists

Launching a group, credentialing, documentation, denials, contracts and more.

Market report

The state of anesthesia billing

Medicare rates, the CRNA workforce, opt-out states and consolidation.

Monthly email

The anesthesia billing update

Payer changes and coding updates, once a month.

Tools

Anesthesia Payment Calculator

Free anesthesia payment calculator: enter base units, anesthesia minutes, modifying units and conversion factor to estimate the allowed amount for a case.

Tools

Net Collection Rate Calculator

Free net collection rate calculator for anesthesia and medical groups: enter payments, charges and contractual adjustments to see your NCR.

Tools

Days in A/R Calculator

Free days in accounts receivable calculator: enter your total A/R and recent charges to see how long it takes your group to get paid.

Tools

In-House vs Outsourced Billing Cost Calculator

Free calculator comparing in-house anesthesia billing costs with an outsourced billing company, including staff, software and collection rate differences.

Tools

Anesthesia Time Units Calculator

Free anesthesia time units calculator: enter start and stop times, including a second time block, and see total minutes and time units by rounding method.

Tools

Anesthesia Staffing Model Calculator

Free anesthesia staffing model calculator comparing care team (medical direction) and CRNA-only staffing costs and margins for the same number of rooms.

Tools

1099 vs W-2 CRNA Calculator

Free 1099 vs W-2 calculator for CRNAs: compare a contractor hourly rate with a salary and benefits, including self-employment tax, malpractice and insurance.

Tools

CRNA Group Revenue Calculator

Free CRNA and anesthesia group revenue calculator: estimate annual collections from cases per day, units per case, payer mix and payment rates.

Tools

Anesthesia Stipend Calculator

Free anesthesia stipend calculator: compare expected collections with the cost of covering a surgery center's rooms to estimate the stipend needed.

Tools

Claim Denial Cost Calculator

Free claim denial cost calculator for anesthesia groups: estimate revenue lost to unrecovered denials and the cost of reworking denied claims.

Tools

Payer Underpayment Calculator

Free payer underpayment calculator for anesthesia groups: compare contracted and actual payment per unit to estimate annual underpayments by payer.

Tools

Timely Filing Deadline Calculator

Free timely filing deadline calculator: enter the date of service and the payer's filing limit to see the deadline and days remaining.

Tools

Billing Company Sale Calculator

Free calculator for medical billing company owners: see how a sale price splits into cash at closing and earnout, based on multiples and client retention.

Tools

CRNA Practice Startup Cash Calculator

Free startup cash calculator for new CRNA practices: estimate the cash needed to cover costs and your own pay while enrollment finishes and claims start paying.

Tools

Anesthesia Account Profitability Calculator

Free calculator for billing companies: compare fees earned on anesthesia accounts with staff time and costs, see the margin, and estimate what the accounts could sell for.

Checklists

Free checklist · 27 checks

Anesthesia Billing Audit Checklist

Checks to find out whether your billing is collecting everything it should. Print it, work through it, and see where the gaps are.

Free checklist · 23 checks

New CRNA Group Launch Checklist

Everything to line up before your first case as an independent group, in the order it usually needs to happen.

Free checklist · 22 checks

CRNA Credentialing and Enrollment Checklist

The documents and steps you need to get a CRNA enrolled with payers and billing under your group.

Free checklist · 16 checks

Switching Billing Companies Checklist

How to move to a new biller without a gap in cash flow or losing track of old claims.

Free checklist · 17 checks

Anesthesia Record Documentation Checklist

What every anesthesia record needs so the claim is coded correctly and holds up in an audit.

Free checklist · 13 checks

Medical Direction Documentation Checklist

The seven requirements an anesthesiologist must meet and document for each medically directed case.

Free checklist · 13 checks

Anesthesia Denial Prevention Checklist

The checks that stop most anesthesia denials before the claim goes out.

Free checklist · 14 checks

Monthly Billing Review Checklist

Thirty minutes a month with your billing reports. Here's exactly what to look at.

Free checklist · 14 checks

Anesthesia Services Agreement Checklist

The terms to check before you sign with a surgery center or office.

Free checklist · 13 checks

Office-Based Anesthesia Business Checklist

The business, billing and paperwork side of starting anesthesia work in physician and dental offices.

Free checklist · 15 checks

Choosing a Billing Company Checklist

The questions to ask every billing company you talk to, with space to compare answers.

Free checklist · 12 checks

Payer Contract Review Checklist

What to check in a commercial payer contract before you sign or renew.

Free checklist · 14 checks

Billing Company Sale Readiness Checklist

For billing company owners: what to get in order before you talk to buyers.

Procedures

Procedures

Anesthesia Billing for Cataract Surgery

How to bill anesthesia for cataract surgery: code 00142, MAC with the QS modifier, short time units, medical necessity and the payer policies that trip groups up.

Procedures

Labor Epidural Billing

How to bill labor epidurals: code 01967, add-on codes 01968 and 01969 for cesarean delivery, and how different payers count labor anesthesia time.

Procedures

Cesarean Section Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for a cesarean section: 01961 for a planned or urgent cesarean, the 01968 add-on after a labor epidural, and emergency qualifying circumstances.

Procedures

Total Knee Replacement Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for total knee arthroplasty: code 01402, separately billable post-op nerve blocks, block time and documentation requirements.

Procedures

Total Hip Replacement Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty: code 01214, time capture, post-op pain blocks, physical status and common documentation gaps.

Procedures

Knee Arthroscopy Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for knee arthroscopy: 01382 for diagnostic arthroscopy versus 01400 for surgical knee procedures, plus blocks and time.

Procedures

Shoulder Surgery Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for shoulder surgery: code 01630, interscalene and brachial plexus blocks, beach chair positioning and time.

Procedures

Hand and Wrist Surgery Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for hand and wrist surgery: code 01810, MAC with QS, IV regional (Bier) blocks and short-case time capture.

Procedures

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: code 00790 for upper abdominal procedures, TAP blocks, physical status and time.

Procedures

Hernia Repair Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for hernia repair: 00830 for lower abdominal hernias, 00832 for ventral and incisional hernias, and laparoscopic repairs.

Procedures

Anesthesia Billing for MRI and CT

How to bill anesthesia for MRI and CT: code 01922, medical necessity documentation, out-of-OR locations and pediatric cases.

Procedures

Spine Surgery Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for spine surgery: cervical, thoracic and lumbar codes, extensive instrumentation (00670), positioning, lines and neuromonitoring cases.

Procedures

Anesthesia for Pain Injections

How to bill anesthesia for pain procedures and spine injections: codes 01937 to 01942, 01991 and 01992, and the medical necessity rules payers apply.

Procedures

Gynecologic Surgery Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for gynecologic surgery: hysteroscopy (00952), vaginal procedures (00940), vaginal hysterectomy (00944) and laparoscopic cases.

Procedures

Urology Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for urology: transurethral procedures (00910), TURP (00914), ureteroscopy with lithotripsy (00918) and related cases.

Procedures

Breast Surgery Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for breast surgery: integumentary codes like 00400, reconstruction (00402), cosmetic versus covered cases and blocks.

Procedures

ENT Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for ENT surgery: intraoral procedures (00170), nose and sinus (00160), ear (00120), and pediatric cases.

Procedures

Cath Lab and EP Anesthesia Billing

How to bill anesthesia for cardiac electrophysiology and cath lab procedures: 00537 for ablation, 01920 for cardiac catheterization, lines and TEE.

Coding

Coding

How anesthesia is billed: the formula explained

Base, time and modifying units and the conversion factor, with a worked example.

Coding

Anesthesia time units

When time starts and stops, how Medicare counts it, and where money is lost.

Coding

CRNA billing modifiers: QZ, QX, QK and more

Which modifier fits which staffing model, and how Medicare splits payment.

Coding

The QZ modifier

Billing CRNA services without medical direction, and common mistakes.

Coding

The seven medical direction requirements

What anesthesiologists must do and document for QK, QY and QX.

Coding

Physical Status Modifiers in Anesthesia

What anesthesia physical status modifiers P1 to P6 mean, which payers typically pay extra units for them, and how to make sure they're captured.

Coding

Qualifying Circumstances in Anesthesia Billing

The four anesthesia qualifying circumstances codes (99100, 99116, 99135, 99140), what they cover, and which payers recognise them.

Coding

Anesthesia Billing for GI Endoscopy

Anesthesia billing basics for GI endoscopy and colonoscopy: the dedicated anesthesia codes, screening versus diagnostic cases, and common pitfalls.

Coding

Anesthesia Documentation Tips for Billing

Practical anesthesia documentation tips that support accurate billing: times, staffing, physical status, qualifying circumstances and medical direction.

Coding

Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC) Billing

How to bill monitored anesthesia care: the QS, G8 and G9 modifiers, how MAC is paid, medical necessity, and how it differs from moderate sedation.

Coding

MAC vs Moderate Sedation

MAC vs moderate sedation for billing: who provides each, which codes apply, how they're paid, and why getting it wrong causes denials.

Coding

Billing Nerve Blocks for Post-op Pain

How to bill nerve blocks for post-op pain: when they're separately billable, surgeon requests, block time vs anesthesia time, catheters and NCCI edits.

Coding

Arterial Line and Central Line Billing

How anesthesia providers bill arterial lines and central lines: separate procedure codes, ultrasound guidance documentation, and lines placed during anesthesia time.

Coding

Billing Anesthesia for Multiple Procedures

How to bill anesthesia for multiple procedures during one anesthetic: use the code with the highest base units, report total time, and how bilateral cases work.

Coding

Modifiers 23 and 47 in Anesthesia

Modifier 23 (unusual anesthesia) and modifier 47 (anesthesia by surgeon) explained: when each applies and how payers treat them.

Coding

ICD-10 Diagnosis Coding for Anesthesia

ICD-10 diagnosis coding for anesthesia claims: using the surgeon's diagnosis, adding conditions that support MAC or physical status, and avoiding mismatches.

Coding

Billing Pre-Anesthesia Evaluations

When pre-anesthesia evaluations are billable: included in base units when the case goes ahead, and when a cancelled case may be billed as an evaluation visit.

Coding

NCCI Edits for Anesthesia

NCCI edits for anesthesia billing: which services are bundled into anesthesia, when blocks and lines can be billed separately, and when modifiers apply.

Coding

Anesthesia Billing Glossary

Anesthesia billing glossary: base units, time units, conversion factor, QZ, QX, QK, MAC, physical status, qualifying circumstances, A/R, ERA and more.

Payers

Payers

Medicaid Anesthesia Billing

Medicaid anesthesia billing: state conversion factors, managed care plans, enrollment for each plan, CRNA rules and the most common Medicaid denials.

Payers

TRICARE Anesthesia Billing

TRICARE anesthesia billing: regional contractors, CRNA coverage, how TRICARE follows Medicare anesthesia rules, and TRICARE For Life claims.

Payers

Workers' Comp Anesthesia Billing

Workers' compensation anesthesia billing: state fee schedules, claim numbers and adjusters, authorization, and why patients usually can't be billed.

Payers

VA Community Care Anesthesia Billing

VA Community Care anesthesia billing: network enrollment, referral and authorization numbers, timely filing and how to avoid common VA denials.

Payers

Commercial Payers and Anesthesia Time Caps

Commercial payer policies that cap anesthesia time or limit MAC: what has happened, how groups responded, and how to protect your group.

Payers

Medicare Private Contracting vs State Opt-Out

The difference between a CRNA opt-out state (no physician supervision rule) and a provider opting out of Medicare through private contracts.

Payers

How Commercial Payers Pay CRNAs

How commercial insurers reimburse CRNAs: full rate vs reduced percentages, how to find out what you're paid, and how to negotiate better terms.

Payers

Secondary Insurance for Anesthesia Claims

How to bill secondary insurance for anesthesia: coordination of benefits, Medicare crossovers, Medigap, and following up on unpaid secondary balances.

Payers

The Anesthesia Conversion Factor

The anesthesia conversion factor explained: how Medicare sets it each year, why it varies by locality, how commercial and Medicaid rates compare, and where to look it up.

Running a practice

Running a practice

How Much Do Anesthesia Billing Companies Charge?

What anesthesia billing companies charge: percentage-of-collections pricing, what's included, hidden fees, and how to compare quotes fairly.

Running a practice

How Much Does It Cost to Start a CRNA Practice?

The costs of starting an independent CRNA practice: entity setup, insurance, enrollment, billing, equipment for office work, and cash to cover the wait for payment.

Running a practice

Malpractice Insurance for Independent CRNAs

Malpractice insurance for independent and 1099 CRNAs: occurrence vs claims-made policies, tail coverage, group policies and what facilities require.

Running a practice

Pricing Anesthesia Services to Surgery Centers

How CRNA groups price anesthesia services to surgery centers: billing-only arrangements, stipends, per-day rates and how to work out what you need.

Running a practice

Anesthesia Services Agreement Checklist

Checklist for anesthesia services agreements with surgery centers and offices: exclusivity, coverage, billing rights, stipends, term, termination and insurance.

Running a practice

How to Win a Surgery Center Anesthesia Contract

How CRNA groups win surgery center anesthesia contracts: what centers care about, how to pitch, and what to bring to the first meeting.

Running a practice

Office-Based Anesthesia Accreditation

Office-based anesthesia accreditation: when states require it, the main accrediting bodies (AAAASF, AAAHC, The Joint Commission) and what it means for CRNAs.

Running a practice

Hiring Your First CRNA

How to hire your first CRNA: W-2 vs 1099, pay and benefits, credentialing lead times, contracts and non-competes.

Running a practice

CRNA Group Compensation Models

Compensation models for CRNA groups: hourly, salary, productivity-based and profit sharing, with the trade-offs of each.

Running a practice

What Is a CRNA Practice Worth?

How CRNA and anesthesia groups are valued: profit after fair pay to providers, contract strength, facility concentration and who the likely buyers are.

Running a practice

Business Structure for a CRNA Practice

Business structure options for CRNA practices: LLC, PLLC, professional corporation and S corporation tax status, and the questions to ask your advisers.

Running a practice

Software for an Anesthesia Practice

Software for anesthesia practices: anesthesia records, billing systems, clearinghouses, scheduling and credentialing tracking, and how they fit together.

Running a practice

Finding New Facilities for Your CRNA Group

How CRNA groups find new surgery centers and offices: surgeon relationships, new facility openings, unhappy facilities and word of mouth.

Running a practice

Compliance Program for Anesthesia Groups

A practical compliance program for anesthesia groups: the core elements from the OIG's guidance, billing audits, training and what to do when you find a problem.

Running a practice

Anesthesia for a New Surgery Center

Setting up anesthesia billing and coverage for a new ambulatory surgery center: enrollment timing, payer contracts, records, and stipend planning.

For billing company owners

2-minute quiz

Is your billing company ready to sell?

Get a score and the fixes that raise your value.

Monthly, free

Office hours for billing owners

A 30-minute group call on succession, selling and the market.

Market report

The state of anesthesia billing

Medicare rates, the CRNA workforce and consolidation.

For billing owners

How to Sell a Medical Billing Company

How to sell a medical billing company, step by step: preparing your numbers, finding a buyer, valuation, deal terms, client handover and what happens after.

For billing owners

What Is My Medical Billing Company Worth?

How medical billing companies are valued: revenue and profit multiples, client retention, contracts, specialty focus, and how earnouts change the real price.

For billing owners

Selling an Anesthesia Billing Business

Selling an anesthesia billing business: why a specialist buyer matters, what anesthesia clients worry about, and how to protect your relationships in a sale.

For billing owners

Earnouts for Billing Company Sales

Earnouts in medical billing company sales explained: how they work, typical structures, what to negotiate, and how to protect yourself as the seller.

For billing owners

Retiring from Your Medical Billing Business

Retiring from your medical billing business: your options, from selling outright to stepping back gradually, and how to look after clients and staff.

For billing owners

Getting Your Billing Company Ready to Sell

Checklist to prepare a medical billing company for sale: client contracts, revenue by client, BAAs, processes, systems access and a handover plan.

For billing owners

Telling Your Billing Clients You Sold

How to tell medical billing clients you've sold your business: timing, what to say, who should be there, and the questions clients will ask.

For billing owners

Who Buys Medical Billing Companies?

Who buys medical billing companies: larger billing firms, private equity-backed groups, specialist buyers and employees, and what each means for you and your clients.

For billing owners

Finding a Buyer for Your Billing Company

How to find a buyer for a medical billing company: peers, specialist buyers, larger firms, brokers and employees, and how to approach them confidentially.

For billing owners

Seller Financing in Billing Company Sales

Seller financing in medical billing company sales: how it works, how it differs from an earnout, and the terms that protect the seller.

For billing owners

Your Staff When You Sell Your Billing Company

What happens to billing company employees in a sale: keeping staff on, telling them at the right time, and protecting their roles and pay.

For billing owners

Broker or Direct Sale for a Billing Company?

Using a business broker vs selling a medical billing company directly: what brokers do, what they cost, and when a direct sale makes more sense.

For billing owners

Sell Your Anesthesia Billing Accounts

Billing companies: sell just your anesthesia accounts and keep the rest of your business.

For billing owners

Why Anesthesia Accounts Are Hard for General Billers

Why anesthesia billing is hard for multi-specialty billing companies: units, modifiers, medical direction rules, staff risk and thin margins on complex work.

For billing owners

Selling Part of Your Billing Book

How to sell part of a medical billing book: carving out one specialty, what buyers need, contracts, client consent and how partial sales are paid.

For billing owners

How an Anesthesia Account Transfer Works

Step-by-step process for transferring anesthesia billing accounts to a buyer: NDA, offer, signing, client introductions, data transfer, parallel run and final payments.

For billing owners

How Anesthesia Billing Accounts Are Valued

How individual anesthesia billing accounts are valued: annual fee revenue, client tenure, contract terms, concentration, account health and retention-based payments.

For billing owners

Telling Clients About an Account Transfer

How to tell anesthesia billing clients their account is moving to a specialist: what to say, who should be on the call, and the questions clients ask.

For billing owners

Selling Anesthesia Accounts Without Losing Other Clients

How billing companies can sell anesthesia accounts without risking their other clients: specialist buyers, non-solicit terms and confidential timing.

For billing owners

When Your Anesthesia Biller Leaves

What a billing company can do when its anesthesia biller retires or leaves: hire, train, subcontract the work, or sell the anesthesia accounts.

For billing owners

Signs Anesthesia Accounts Are Costing Your Billing Company

Signs anesthesia accounts are hurting a billing company's margins: high denial rework, long hours per account, late records, key-person risk and client friction.

For billing owners

White-Label Anesthesia Billing for Billing Companies

White-label anesthesia billing for medical billing companies: keep your client relationship while a specialist handles anesthesia coding, claims and denials.

For billing owners

A/R When Transferring Billing Accounts

How accounts receivable is handled when billing accounts transfer: who works pre-transfer claims, how fees on those collections are paid, and cut-off dates.

For billing owners

Assigning Billing Client Contracts

Assigning medical billing client contracts in a sale: assignment clauses, client consent, business associate agreements and what to do with handshake deals.

For billing owners

Payment Terms for Billing Account Sales

Payment terms for selling medical billing accounts: cash at closing, retention-based payments, revenue sharing and how to protect yourself as the seller.

For billing owners

Solo Billers Selling Anesthesia Clients

For solo medical billers with anesthesia clients: sell your client relationships, join a specialist team, or step back gradually while your clients are looked after.

For billing owners

Selling Your Billing Company: FAQ

FAQ for billing company owners thinking of selling: how you're paid, timing, staff, telling clients, software, confidentiality and what if a client leaves.

For billing owners

Patient Data When Selling Billing Accounts

How patient data moves when billing accounts are sold: business associate agreements, secure transfer, what to keep, what to delete, and records retention.

Monthly update

Anesthesia payer changes, once a month

A short email with payer policy changes, coding updates and one practical tip for anesthesia groups. Unsubscribe any time.

See what your group could be collecting

Get a free billing review